按照內窺鏡的發展和成像結構主要分為3大類，分別是硬管式內鏡、光學纖維（軟管式）內鏡和電子內鏡。

According to the development and imaging structure of endoscopes, they are mainly divided into three categories: rigid tube endoscopes, optical fiber (flexible tube) endoscopes, and electronic endoscopes.

纖維內窺鏡由內窺鏡鏡體和冷光源兩部分組成，鏡體內有兩條光導纖維束: 一條叫光束，另一條叫像束，一端對準目鏡，另一端通過物鏡片對準被觀測物表面，醫生通過目鏡能夠非常直觀地看到臟器表面的情況，便于及時準確地診斷病情。

A fiber endoscope consists of two parts: the endoscope body and a cold light source. There are two optical fiber bundles inside the endoscope body: one is called a beam, and the other is called an image bundle. One end is aimed at the eyepiece, and the other end is aimed at the surface of the object being observed through the object lens. Doctors can see the condition of the organ surface very intuitively through the eyepiece, which is convenient for timely and accurate diagnosis of the disease.

電子內窺鏡不再以光纖傳像，而代之以光敏集成電路攝像系統，主要所能顯示的不但影像質量好，光亮度強，而且圖像大，可以檢查出更細小的病變，而且電子內窺鏡的外徑更細，圖像更加清晰和直觀，操作方便。

Electronic endoscopes are no longer transmitting images through optical fibers, but are replaced by photosensitive integrated circuit camera systems. They can display not only good image quality, strong brightness, but also large images, which can detect smaller lesions. In addition, the outer diameter of electronic endoscopes is thinner, the images are clearer and more intuitive, and the operation is convenient.

按照功能分類：

Classified by function:

1、用于消化道的內鏡；

1. Endoscopy for the digestive tract;

2、用于呼吸系統的內鏡；

2. Endoscopy for the respiratory system;

3、用于腹膜腔的內鏡；

3. Endoscopy for the peritoneal cavity;

4、用于膽道的內鏡；

4. Endoscopy for the biliary tract;

5、用于泌尿系的內鏡；

5. Endoscopy for the urinary system;

6、用于婦科的內鏡；

6. Endoscopy for gynecology;

7、用于血管的內鏡；

7. Endoscopy for blood vessels;

8、用于關節的內鏡。

8. Endoscopy for joints.