Medical endoscope is a testing instrument integrating traditional optics, ergonomics, precision machinery, modern electronics, mathematics and software. It is mainly composed of image sensors, optical lenses, light source lighting, mechanical devices and other components. It can enter the body through the natural cavity or small Surgical incision of the human body. With the endoscope, you can see the lesions that cannot be displayed by X-ray, and doctors can formulate the best treatment plan accordingly. According to the survey data, medical endoscopes are mainly divided into the following two categories:

硬管式內窺鏡：不可彎曲，經過外科切口進入人體無菌組織、器官、無菌腔室，主要包括腹腔鏡、胸腔鏡、關節鏡等，硬管式內窺鏡可分為白光硬鏡和熒光硬鏡。

Hard tube endoscope: It can not be bent and can enter into sterile tissues, organs and sterile chambers of human body through surgical incision, mainly including laparoscope, Thoracoscopy, Arthroscopy, etc. Hard tube endoscope can be divided into white light hard endoscope and fluorescent hard endoscope.

軟管式內窺鏡：可以自由彎曲，通過人體自然腔道進入體內，鏡體較長同時具有一定柔性，光電信號傳輸距離較遠，鏡體插入部直徑較小且功能集成復雜，對設計工藝及制造技術的要求更高，具有較高的技術壁壘，主要包括胃鏡、腸鏡、支氣管鏡等。

Flexible tube endoscope: It can freely bend and enter the body through the natural lumen of the human body. The mirror body is long and has a certain degree of flexibility, and the photoelectric signal transmission distance is long. The diameter of the insertion part of the mirror body is small and the functional integration is complex. It has higher requirements for design process and manufacturing technology, and has high technical barriers, mainly including gastroscopy, colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, etc.

醫用內窺鏡主要由三大系統組成，分別為窺鏡系統、圖像顯示系統、照明系統。以目前較為常用的電子內窺鏡為例，鏡體伸入患者體內，鏡體內部并列多個管道，包括照明光纖、傳像光纖、傳氣通道、傳水通道、器械通道等，行行查數據顯示，內窺鏡精密度極高，需要多個專業領域相互配合。

Medical endoscopes are mainly composed of three major systems, namely the endoscope system, image display system, and lighting system. Taking the commonly used electronic endoscope as an example, the body of the endoscope extends into the patient's body, and multiple pipelines are parallel inside the mirror body, including lighting fiber, image fiber, gas channel, water channel, instrument channel, etc. The inspection data shows that the precision of the endoscope is extremely high, requiring cooperation from multiple professional fields.

窺鏡系統：主要包括手柄和鏡體。鏡體主要由物鏡、傳像元件、目鏡、照明元件及輔助元件等組成。

Camera system: mainly including handle and mirror body. The mirror body is mainly composed of objective lenses, image transmission components, eyepieces, lighting components, and auxiliary components.

圖像顯示系統：早期內窺鏡或硬管式內窺鏡采用直視，而現在的電子內窺鏡通常由CCD/CMOS光電傳感器、顯示器、計算機和圖像處理器組成。

Image display system: Early endoscopes or rigid tube endoscopes used direct vision, while modern electronic endoscopes typically consist of CCD/CMOS photoelectric sensors, displays, computers, and image processors.